NOT to be confused with the Axis II ObsessiveCompulsivePersonalityDisorder (will explain later).
Fourth most common mental disorder.
Made up of two components:
Obsessions
Persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade apersonās consciousness
Compulsions
Repeated and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they mustperform to prevent or reduce anxiety
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Between 1% and 2% of U.S. population sufferfrom OCDin a given year; as many as 3% over alifetime
It is equally common in men and women andamong different racial and ethnic groups
It is estimated that more than 40% of thosewith OCD seek treatment.
Obsessions
Obsessions
Thoughts that feel intrusive
Attempts to ignore or avoid them trigger anxiety
ļ®Take various forms:
ļ®Wishes
ļ®Impulses
ļ®Images
ļ®Ideas
ļ®Doubts
ļ®Have common themes:
ļ®Dirt/contamination
ļ®Violence and aggression
ļ®Orderliness
ļ®Religion
ļ®Sexuality
Media and Pop CultureRepresentations of OCD
FrequentlytheOCDthatisportrayedinshowsandfilmsareonesrelatedtocontamination (which is common)but there are many different presentations of OCD.
Although some themes are more common than others(see previous slide), obsessions can revolve aroundanything.
Interestingly, pop culturetendstoācute-ifyā OCD in away it does with no other disorder.
OCD In Everyday Rhetoric
You may have even heard friendscall themselves āOCDā aboutsomething, when theyreally justmean detail-oriented, tidy, or rigid.
Some people feel this usagediminishes the suffering of peoplewho have this diagnosis andcontributes to widespreadmisperceptionsof the disorder.What do you think?
Compulsions
Compulsions
āVoluntaryā behaviors or mental acts
Feel mandatory/unstoppable
Person may recognize that behaviors areirrational
Believe, though, that catastrophewill occur if they donāt perform thecompulsive acts
Performing behaviors reduces anxiety
ONLY FOR A SHORT TIME!
Behaviors often develop intorituals
Features of Compulsions
Compulsions
Common forms/themes:
Cleaning
Checking
Order or balance
Touching, verbal, and/orcounting
Obsessions AND Compulsions?
Are obsessions and compulsions related?
Most (not all) people with OCD experience both
Compulsive acts often occur in response toobsessive thoughts
Compulsions seem to represent ayieldingto obsessions
Compulsions also sometimes serve to helpcontrolobsessions
Whatās the difference betweenOCD and OCPD?
OCD=egodystonic-goes against an individual'sperception of his/herself, which tends to causemuch distress.
OCPD=egosyntonic-marked by theindividual's acceptance that the characteristicsdisplayed as a result of this disorder arecompatible with his/her self-image.
Symptoms of OCD
excessive washing or cleaning
repeated checking
extremehoarding
preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts
aversion toparticular numbers
nervous rituals
These symptoms can be alienatingand time-consuming, andoften cause severe emotional andfinancial distress.
The acts of those who have OCD may appear paranoidandpotentiallypsychotic. However, OCD sufferers generallyrecognize their obsessions and compulsions asirrational, andmay become further distressed by this realization.
Yale-Brown O/C Scale
Standardized rating scales such asYaleāBrownObsessive Compulsive Scalecan be used toassess the severity of OCD symptoms.
Sometimes referred to asāY-BOCSā
measures obsessions separately fromcompulsions
clinician-rated, 10-item scale, each item ratedfrom 0 (no symptoms) to 40 (extremesymptoms)
Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders
In recent years, a growing number of clinicalresearchers have linked some excessive behaviorpatterns (e.g., hoarding, hair pulling, shopping, sex) toOCD
DSM-5 has created the group name āObsessive-Compulsive-Related Disordersā and assigned four patternsto that group:hoarding disorder, hair-pulling disorder,skin-picking disorder,andbodydysmorphicdisorder
With their addition to the DSM, it is hoped that they will bebetter researched, understood, and treated
Hoarding Disorder
Hair-Pulling Disorder(Trichotillomania)
People with this disorder compulsively pull or pluck out their hair fornoncosmeticreasons. They usually pull hair from their scalp,eyebrows, and/or eyelids, but any body hair may be pulled out.
Hair pulling typically begins just before or after puberty. About 1 to2% of people have the disorder, 90% of them female.
Some people pull their hair out somewhat automatically, withoutthinking about it; others are more conscious of the activity.
Doctors diagnose hair-pulling disorder based on symptoms:
Pulling out enough hair to cause hair loss
Repeatedly trying to stop pulling their hair out
Feeling greatly distressed or becoming less able to function becauseof the activity
Skin-Picking Disorder(Excoriation Disorder)
Doctors diagnose skin-picking disorder based onsymptoms:
Picking at skin so much that it damages the skin
Repeatedly trying to stop picking
Feeling greatly distressed or becoming less able tofunction because of the activity
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
People with body dysmorphic disorder believe they have a flawor defect in their physical appearance thatin reality isnonexistent or slight. They repeatedly do certain things (such aschecking themselves in a mirror, excessively groomingthemselves, or comparing themselves with others) because theyare so concerned about their appearance.
Wrinkle, bump, freckle
Men-muscle dysmorphia
Most people with body dysmorphic disorder are not aware thattheyactually looknormal.
It is distinguished from normal concerns about appearance orvanity because the preoccupations are time-consuming andcause significant distress or impair functioning.
